Combler l’écart de compétences entre les nouveaux arrivants et l'industrie : preuves provenant du projet d'innovation de la main-d'œuvre et de l'inclusion
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.1522/rhe.v8i3.1470Mots-clés :
projets pilotes WIIP, établissement des nouveaux arrivants, comblement de l'écart de compétences, apprentissage antérieur, prestation de servicesRésumé
Les nouveaux arrivants au Canada font face à divers obstacles à leur intégration économique, allant du manque de familiarité avec l'anglais ou le français et la culture canadienne aux réglementations restrictives concernant les titres de compétences étrangers. Ces obstacles se manifestent par des écarts de compétences entre les nouveaux arrivants et l'industrie, pour laquelle les compétences des nouveaux arrivants ne correspondent pas à ce que recherchent les employeurs. Cet article examine la littérature sur les écarts de compétences au Canada, mettant en évidence le besoin de programmes et de services visant à soutenir les nouveaux arrivants dans leur approche avec ces obstacles et à combler l'écart de compétences. Ensuite, l'article présente une argumentation en faveur du développement des compétences entrepreneuriales en tant que voie alternative à l'intégration économique pour les nouveaux arrivants. Enfin, trois programmes de développement des compétences sont analysés, démontrant l'efficacité potentielle de telles interventions pour aider les nouveaux arrivants à surmonter les obstacles à l'intégration économique.
Références
Adsera, A. et Chiswick, B. R. (2007). Are there gender and country of origin differences in immigrant labor market outcomes across European destinations? Journal of Population Economics, 20(3), 495–526. http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0147-1767(21)00173-5/sbref2
Arthur, N. et Flynn, S. (2011). Career development influences of international students who pursue permanent immigration to Canada. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 11(3), 221–237. http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0147-1767(21)00173-5/sbref14
Canada Jobs (2022, 18 janvier). Canada labour shortages lead employers to boost immigrant wages. SkilledWorker. https://www.skilledworker.com/canada-labour-shortages-lead-employers-to-boost-immigrant-wages/
Cheung, S. Y. et Phillimore, J. (2017). Gender and refugee integration: a quantitative analysis of integration and social policy outcomes. Journal of Social Policy, 46(2), 211–230. http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0147-1767(21)00173-5/sbref44
Cukier, W., Gagnon, S., Mae, L. L., Hannan, C. et Amato, S. (2014). A [Critical] Ecological Model to Enabling Change: Promoting Diversity and Inclusion. Dans Getting Things Done (vol. 2, p. 245‑275). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2046-6072(2013)0000002017
Cukier, W., Hodson, J. et Omar, A. (2015). “Soft” skills are hard: A review of the literature. https://www.ryerson.ca/content/dam/diversity/reports/KSG2015_SoftSkills_FullReport.pdf
Cukier, W., Mo, G. Y., Hassannezhad-Chavoushi, Z., Borova, B. et Osten, V. (2022). State of women entrepreneurship in Canada - 2022. https://wekh.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/WEKH_State_of_Womens_Entrepreneurship_in_Canada_2022.pdf
Dlabajová, M. (2015, 29 septembre). Bridging the skills gap with entrepreneurship education. European Entrepreneurship Education NETwork. http://www.ee-hub.eu/consortium-media/blog/352-national-policy-framework/25-bridging-the-skills-gap-with-entrepreneurship-education.html
El-Assal, K. (2022, 15 février). Canada increases target to 432,000 immigrants in 2022 under Immigration Levels Plan 2022-2024. CIC News. https://www.cicnews.com/author/kareem#gs.yrwb60
Firang, D. et Mensah, J. (2022). Exploring the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on International Students and Universities in Canada. Journal of International Students, 12(1), 1-18. https://ojed.org/index.php/jis/article/view/2881
Fong, K. H. et Snape, E. (2015). Empowering leadership, psychological empowerment and employee Outcomes: Testing a multi‐level mediating model. British Journal of Management, 26(1), 126-138. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-8551.12048
García‐Serrano, C. et Hernanz, V. (2022). US and them: Job quality differences between natives and immigrants in Europe. International Migration, 61 (2), 154-178. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12998
Gouvernement du Canada (2022, 7 avril). Creating Good Middle Class Jobs. https://budget.gc.ca/2022/report-rapport/chap4-en.html
Griffith, A. (2017, 31 octobre). Building a Mosaic: The Evolution of Canada’s Approach to Immigrant Integration. Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/building-mosaic-evolution-canadas-approach-immigrant-integration
Guo, S. (2009). Difference, Deficiency, and Devaluation: Non-recognition of Foreign Credentials for Immigrant Professionals in Canada. Canadian Journal for the Study of Adult Education, 22. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254389426_Difference_Deficiency_and_Devaluation_Non-recognition_of_Foreign_Credentials_for_Immigrant_Professionals_in_Canada
Han, Y., Gulanowski, D. et Sears, G. J. (2022). International student graduates’ workforce integration: A systematic review. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 86, 163-189. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147176721001735
Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (2022, 14 février). New immigration plan to fill labour market shortages and grow Canada’s economy. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/news/2022/02/new-immigration-plan-to-fill-labour-market-shortages-and-grow-canadas-economy.html
Lindsay (2022, 24 janvier). CERIC National Employer Survey Reveals Canadian Executives Struggling with Recruitment, Skill Gaps. CERIC. https://ceric.ca/2022/01/ceric-national-employer-survey-reveals-canadian-executives-struggling-with-recruitment-skills-gap/
McKinsey Global Institute (Bughin, J., Hazan, E., Lund, S., Dahlström, P., Wiesinger, A. et Subramaniam, A.). (2018). Skill shift: Automation and future of the workforce. McKinsey & Company. Repéré sur https://www.mckinsey.com/featured- insights/future-ofwork/skill-shift-automation-and-the-future-of-the-workforce#
Morales, L. F., Bonilla‐Mejía, L., Pulido, J., Flórez, L. A., Hermida, D., Pulido‐Mahecha, K. L. et Lasso‐Valderrama, F. (2022). Effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the Colombian labour market: Disentangling the effect of sector‐specific mobility restrictions. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, 55, 308-357. https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/bitstream/handle/20.500.12134/9900/be_1129.pdf?sequence=14&is
Nourpanah, S. (2019). Drive-by education: the role of vocational courses in the migration projects of foreign nurses in Canada. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 20(4), 995–1011. http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0147-1767(21)00173-5/sbref140
Palameta, B., Nguyen, C., Lee, W., Que, H. et Gyarmati, D. (2021, Mai). Research report to support the launch of Skills for Success: Structure, evidence, and recommendations: Final report. The Social Research and Demonstration Corporation. https://www.srdc.org/media/553148/sfs-srdc-final-report-en.pdf
Reeve, I. (2022). To fully benefit from immigration, we need to boost newcomer supports. The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-to-fully-benefit-from-immigration-we-need-to-boost-newcomer-supports/
Salti, S. (2021). The impact of Together Project Welcome Groups on government-assisted refugee social capital. MakeWay. https://www.togetherproject.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/FINAL-September-2021-TOGETHER-PROJECT-SOCIAL-CAPITAL-STUDY-REPORT-2.pdf
Statista (2022). Immigration In Canada: Statistics and facts. https://www.statista.com/topics/2917/immigration-in-canada/#topicHeader__wrapper
Statistics Canada (2017). Immigration and ethnocultural diversity: Key results from the 2016 Census. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/171025/dq171025b-eng.htm?indid=14428-4&indgeo=0
Statistics Canada (2022). Immigrants and Non-permanent residents statistics. https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/subjects-start/immigration_and_ethnocultural_diversity/immigrants_and_nonpermanent_residents
Statistics Canada (2022). Labour Force Characteristics of Immigrants by educational attainment. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1410008701&pickMembers%5B0%5D=2.6&pickMembers%5B1%5D=4.6&pickMembers%5B2%5D=5.1&pickMembers%5B3%5D=6.2&cubeTimeFrame.startYear=2021&cubeTimeFrame.endYear=2021&referencePeriods=20210101%2C20210101
Tran, L. T. et Vu, T. T. P. (2016). ‘I’m not like that, why treat me the same way?’ The impact of stereotyping international students on their learning, employability, and connectedness with the workplace. The Australian Educational Researcher, 43(2), 203–220. http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0147-1767(21)00173-5/sbref189
Urban, M. C. et Johal, S. (2020). Understanding the future of skills: Trends and global policy responses. Ottawa, Ont.: Public Policy Forum. Repéré sur https://ppforum.ca/wpcontent/uploads/2020/01/UnderstandingTheFutureOfSkills-PPF-JAN2020-EN.pdf
Wall, T., Tran, L. T. et Soejatminah, S. (2018). Inequalities and agencies in workplace learning experiences: International student perspectives. Vocations and Learning, 10(2), 141–156. http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0147-1767(21)00173-5/sbref192
Wenger, E., McDermott, R. et Snyder, W. M. (2002). Cultivating Communities of Practice: A Guide to Managing Knowledge. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business Press. http://www.linqed.net/media/15871/COPCultivating_Communities_of_Practice7Principles.pdf
Yip, K. (2011). Exploring barriers to knowledge sharing: A case study of a virtual community of practice in a Swedish multinational corporation. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:457132
Yssaad, L. et Fields, A. (2018). The Canadian immigrant labor market: Recent trends from 2006 to 2017. Statistics Canada.
